The main objective of this research is to determine the soil appropriateness for the construction of buildings, and it encompasses site investigation, a preliminary process for collecting geological, geotechnical, and other engineering information for safe and economical building design. Site investigation provides insight into unforeseen engineering problems; therefore, instability issues can be forestalled if done thoroughly. Residual soils from the research area comprise many clays, some of which can expand upon moisture increase. Therefore, a site investigation must be carried out to assess the site’s suitability for the proposed construction. The research includes nine boreholes and laboratory testing demonstrating the soil profile and bearing capacity within the settlement limit. The site’s soil is yellowish-brown, weathered, thickly bedded, loosely cemented, friable sandstone consisting of poorly graded sand (SP) and silt/sand (SP-SM) with clayey layers (ML-CL). Uniaxial compressive strength was recorded at 217 to 1238 kPa under natural and saturated conditions. Furthermore, the computed bearing capacity varies from 2.8 to 6.1 tsf using the Terzaghi approach, 7.1 to 8.0 tsf using Bowel’s method, and 4.7 to 5.4 tsf using the Meyerhof method. The coefficient of subgrade reaction for an isolated and raft foundation based on Bowels bearing capacity varies between 24.8 to 26.1 MN/m3 to 13.6 to 15.4 MN/m3, respectively. Based on the investigation and lab testing, a raft foundation would be appropriate for the structure. The proposed construction location didn’t find any significant geological defects; thus, it’s suitable for the construction of buildings. However, the paper’s recommendations must be implemented.

The main aim of this project is to determine the structures, petrography, strength and competence of Dahomeyan granitic rocks at Green Valley and Akrofu in Ghana and compare them from both localities in terms of their mineralogical composition and strength properties. Thin sections were prepared with rock samples from the field at the KNUST Geological Engineering Laboratory and petrographic microscope used to determine the different types of minerals in the samples and also the rock type. The mechanical strengths of the rocks were determined at the KNUST Civil Engineering Laboratory using Schmidt Hammer device. The studied Dahomeyan rocks at both Akrofu and Green Valley are respectively classified as granodiorite and biotite granitic gneiss. The mineralogical composition of different modal percentages includes quartz, feldspars, biotite, muscovite and hornblende. The presence of fractures and foliations due to a mafic biotite mineral indicate deformations rocks. The granodiorite is classified as weak rock with compressive strength of 23.50 MPa. This is due to higher fractures in the rock. In conclusion, the higher the presence of high grade of fractures and foliations due to biotite mineral, the weaker the strength of the rock. The biotite granite gneiss at Green Valley can thus be useful as crushed stone in road construction as well as for building material. For the rock texture, coarser mineral fabric corresponds to higher uniaxial compressive strength. The strength of these granitoids were influenced by the climatological changes as well as the intensity of weathering they had undergone within the area.

Climate change is an extremely crucial issue in Bangladesh and is affecting people displacement in Bangladesh both sudden and gradual environmental change. To conduct the study, both the qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted, the primary data are collected through participant observation, key informant interview (KII), Focus group discussion and Questionnaire methods. In total, 120 questionnaires were operated in 3 unions. In addition, estimate of Displacement hazard impact analysis, weight analysis, and effective adaptation analysis with various Ranking. The study prescribed 14 adaptation policies for resolving climate displacement problem, in which Incorporate climate Change in long term planning, Grass plantation, Multi crops cultivation in a land Promote awareness, Embankment construction, Salt production Using deep tube-well for pure drinking water, Livelihood skill development are highly effective adaptation policies. This study will help for resolving the displacement problem and overall adaptation goals.

The study was aimed to investigate the intrusion of saline water in some selected areas of Rivers State Nigeria. The objectives of the present study were summarized by the use of electrical resistivity signatures of the area’s subsurface to study the occurrence of Saltwater-freshwater interface, determining the depth and thickness of different subsurface layers for groundwater exploitation and delineate saline-water intruded sands in the study area using the borehole geophysical logging tool. The study scoped at producing geologic maps of the study area to gather information concerning the geomorphologic features, application of the electrical resistivity method (VES) to obtain necessary data to investigate the occurrence of seawater intrusion by determining the resistivity, depth and thickness of the various lithologic layers and delineating saline-water intruded sands in the study area by exploring the potential of borehole geophysical logging tool. A total of 11 geoelectric (VES) surveys and four (4) downhole logging was carried out in selected locations within the River State Metropolis to investigate the saline water intrusion in the area. The obtained results reveal that from the Electrical resistivity sounding, the predominant lithologies in the area includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand, consolidated sand, gravelly sand, consolidated gravel sand, gravelly sand, silty sand, freshwater bearing sand and saltwater bearing sand. Geoelectric layers identified across the area ranged from 3 to 6 layers. Resistivity ranged from 29.60 to 364058.00 Ohm.m for lithologic units, 113 to 181 Ohm.m for freshwater sands and 0.11 to 28.50 Ohm.m for saline water sands. Resistivity field type curves recognized included; H, QQ, AA, KHA, QH, HKH, QQHK, A, HK, KHK and KQH depicting the heterogenous nature of soils in the area. Six of eleven VES points encountered salt water at varying depths and include; Ogonokom, Eagle Island, Okirika, Assarama, Ikuru and Opobo sounding points. Thickness of the saline sandy layers ranged 3.10 m to 71.48 m. Downhole logging (SP and Resistivity) conducted in four coastal communities of the study area revealed four lithologic units which includes clay, clayey sand, coarse sand and saline water bearing sand. Saline zones were identified as having negative SP values and low resistivities. Clay were mapped as areas having positive SP values and low resistivities. The thickness of the saline zones ranged from 16 to 74 m. The largest saline layer thickness was obtained at Bonny. This study has shown that boreholes in Bille and Bonny communities exceeding depths of 15 m are likely to encounter salt water. The saltwater intrusion is predominantly concentrated around the southern part of the study area around Bonny and Opobo communities. The presence of Opobo River, Bonny River and a suite of creeks which are open to the Atlantic Ocean area responsible for the salt intrusion into these coastal boreholes. The outcome of the study yielded the importance that boreholes in Bonny, Opobo and Bille communities that has encountered saline water should be prevented from further use until treatment for salt water intrusions are conducted and water exploitation plan should be developed by the government and enforced to be utilized by residents in Buguma, Degema, Abonnema and NLNG to prevent saline intrusion because these communities are the most vulnerable to saline intrusion from over-exploitation of freshwater in the area.

This study integrates seismic refraction technique (SRT) and laboratory test technique (LTT) methods in order to evaluates the slope stability characteristics of the sedimentary rocks at Mary-Slessor Secondary School, South-South, Nigeria. The integrated approach was adopted to investigate the material strength, soil resistivity and delineate optimal slopes with regards to the factor of safety (FOS). Three layers were delineated in the field analysis, the velocity and resistivity of the first, second and third layers range from (460.5 – 1050) m/s and (850 – 1220) Ωm at 5.61 m depth, (1705 – 2100) m/s, (560 – 650) Ωm at 7.20 m, and (2000 – 2500) m/s, (330 – 450) Ωm at 13.3 m respectively. The elastic parameters obtained from SRT and LTT ranged from (1.1 – 2021.1) kN/m2 and (1.2 – 2270) kN/m2. The result revealed the material’s strengths of the third layer formation with a high velocity and low resistivity being optimally stable with regards to FOS.

Litho-structural mapping in an inaccessible rugged and mountainous region like the Central Salt range has frequently been a great challenge and importance for geologists. For this purpose, in the present study, litho-structural mapping was carried out based on enhancement and interpretation of Landsat 8 USGS data by the application of remote sensing and GIS technology and further verified by the data which was collected in field work to the study area. Different band combinations of the image are applied for visual image interpretation to digitize the rock boundaries while as Sobel and Laplacian filtering techniques are utilized for lineament mapping. The purpose of our field work was a comprehensive mapping of Geology and related structural aspects of Kufri, Jhalar, Chamnaki, Surraki, Khura and Naushehra area, Central Salt Range, district Khushab Punjab Pakistan in the Central Salt Range Pakistan. It includes Litho-structural Mapping at scale of 1:10,000. The results and conclusion of this study demonstrate that the processing and interpretation of Satellite data set can be employed as a powerful tool to improve lithological discrimination and enhance the overall mapping performance in the rugged and hilly terrain like Salt range.

Extreme precipitation event is one of the most extensive and harmful meteorological disasters in China and even the world. Discussing the research situation of extreme precipitation under the background of climate change can grasp the research status and hot spots in this field from a macro perspective and provide a reference for in-depth understanding of the causes and trends of extreme precipitation. Since 1992, the research on extreme precipitation has been gradually carried out, so this study systematically counts and analyzes the scientific literature from the CNKI database from 1992 to 2022 by bibliometric. It shows that the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events increase in the China monsoon region, and the regional differences are obvious. It also has a great impact on agricultural production and vegetation coverage. In addition, in recent years, scholars have gradually carried out research on the relationship between extreme precipitation and atmospheric circulation, especially the relationship between the spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation and ENSO events, which has become a new research hotspot. It is suggested that future studies should comprehensively analyze various influencing factors, quantitatively analyze the impact of extreme precipitation on agricultural production and vegetation coverage, and put forward corresponding solutions.

The sedimentary facies exposed at Ogbunike Area belong to the Eocene Formation that made up the Anambra Basin. This research estimates the lithology, thickness, sedimentary succession, paleo-environment, reservoir quality and source area tectonics using geological mapping, petrography, grain size distribution and statistical analysis. Geological mapping shows that the section is approximately 27m thick and consists of sandstone, shale, siltstone and ironstone lithofacies. Granulometric analysis performed on selected samples shows that the sandstones are fine to medium grained (1.15 to 2.17 ϕ), moderately sorted (average 0.96 ϕ), fine skewed (average 0.16 ϕ) and leptokurtic (average 1.17 ϕ). Bivariate plot of skeweness against sorting and mean against sorting pinpoint a fluvial origin for the sandstones. The results from rose plot point to a bimodal-bipolar paleocurrent pattern while the bi-directional paleo-flow is in the northeastern-southwestern directions, which is an indication of tidal influence suggesting shore environment of deposition. Average permeability values derived from an empirical formula indicate good potential for reservoir rock. Deductions from field observations and petrographic analysis suggests that the sandstones are submature, with angular to sub-rounded quartz. The high percentage of goethite (average 30.4%) in the ferrugenized sandstones samples suggests an environment of low oxidation. Provenance and tectonic assessment reveal metamorphic source, humid climate, high relief, recycled orogeny, and derived primarily from Cameroon Basement Complex rocks.

The research of land use and land cover (LULC) changes aids in the management of environmental sustainability. The study investigates fluctuations in urban development, LULC, and the advancement of an environmentally sound area of Charsadda in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The method of classification algorithm of maximum likelihood for Landsat 7 and 8 obtained from 2007 to 2019 has been evaluated and carried out for a period of 12 years using a geographic information system and remote sensing data. For the extraction of the urban area and calculating changes in the composite of classed images, the raster Boolean approach has been utilized. To reduce negligible noise objects, post-classification filtering methods have been used. According to the classification findings from 2007 to 2013, the built-up area increased by 13.76 percent. Barren land has seen a 10.12% decline and vegetation has had a 3.73 percent gain, while aquatic bodies have seen a 0.08 percent increase. During the six-year period between 2013 and 2019, the built-up area increased by 11.52 percent, although vegetation (2.49 percent) and bare land decreased rapidly (8.90 percent). Water bodies also decreased by 0.12% at this time. The study’s findings suggest that the most significant changes have been found in built-up land, which increased by 25.29 percent overall between 2007 and 2019, despite a significant reduction in the vegetation zone and bare land. For the years 2007, 2013, and 2019, the total accuracy of land use and land cover classification has been 0.78 percent, 0.79 percent, and 0.76 percent, respectively. The study’s findings reveal a number of important changes in land-use and land-cover patterns in the studied area, which can be used to make recommendations and serve as a foundation for urban planning.

The quality of groundwater depends on its physiochemical and microbial characteristics. This study is aimed at analyzing the physiochemical quality of groundwater and was carried out to assess the quality of groundwater samples obtained from five different boreholes within Eliozu (the study area). Total of seven major parameters were analyzed, they are potency of hydrogen (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity and concentration of nitrate (NO3 ̅) and sulphate (SO ■(2-@4)). The results obtained were compared with standards prescribed by WHO, and showed that groundwater samples from these boreholes have PH value between 3.9 and 4.5 thus, are acidic and not suitable for drinking purposes, electrical conductivity value range from 50 to 208µΩ/cm, BH3 has low organic matter contaminants because its DO value is the least, TDS values is between 66 and 114.4mg/L which is within the limit desirable for drinking water supplies by WHO, salinity values range from 16.5 to 29.7mg/L, indicating that BH3 and BH5 have the most suitable water for drinking. The knowledge of this study can be applied in water resources management, hydrological activities and environmental and health management.