The study of groundwater and surface water in the Ayanfuri area of the Central Region of Ghana has been carried out using hydrochemical analysis and geochemical modelling to determine its suitability for human consumption and irrigation purposes. A total of 77 samples were collected from community boreholes, observation boreholes, Tailing Storage Facility (TSF) boreholes, and streams and analyzed for geochemical parameters. Sodium is the dominant cation for all the sampling sites except for TSF boreholes which are calcium-dominated. Also, the dominant anion is bicarbonate for all sampling sites, except for streams that are sulphate-dominated. The hydrochemical facies in the sampling sites are Na-Mg-HCO3 (54.55%), Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl (23.08%), Na-Mg-HCO3 (22.22%), Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl (22.86%) representing community boreholes, observation boreholes, TSF borehole, and streams, respectively. Water-rock interaction, atmospheric precipitation patterns, ion exchange reactions, and breath dissolution/erosion of plagioclase feldspars serve as the mechanisms influencing the chemical composition of the various water sampling sites. The geochemical modelling reveals the signatures of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum as the main mineral phases. From the water quality guidelines of WHO and WQI classifications, the water is suitable for consumption purposes. Also, the results of the sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, and magnesium hazard indicate that the water in the study area is suitable for irrigation purposes.

This study uses the Frequency analysis of the maximum daily and annual rainfall recorded during the period 1976-2020 at eight rain-measuring stations in the Ha’il region: Jubbah (106H-196), Baqa’a (103H-193), Simirah (105H-793), Uqlah Ibn Jibrin (208H-508) and Faydat Ibn Suwaylim (108H-198), Al Ha’it (111H-797), Al Ghazalah (215H-812) and Ha’il (101H-191), currently supervised by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA). These stations were selected due to their locations in the Hail region, which is in great urban development causing an increase in demand for water resources to meet the growing population in urban centers. This paper compares four probability distributions (Normal, Log Normal, Gumbel and Exponential) using the rainfall data recorded in eight rain stations located in Ha’il area. Sets of data cover a period of about 45 years. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the maximum daily and annual rainfall by applying 4-four probability distributions, which are the Normal, the Log-Normal, the Exponential, and the Extreme Values-type 1, using the (Chow) model estimation. Results showed that Gumbel (EV 1) distribution has the least critical values in the tests. Hence, it is considered the best fit distribution for annual rainfall in Simirah and Baq’a. Furthermore, based on the results, it is evident that the exponential distribution is the best in Al Ha’it, Faydat Ibn Suwaylim, Al Ghazalah, Ha’il, and Jubbah. Whilst, the log normal distribution is the best in Al Uqlat. The results also showed that Gumbel (EV 1) distribution has the least critical values in the tests. Thus, it is regarded as the best-fit distribution for the maximum daily rainfall in Simirah and Ha’il, and the normal distribution is considered the best for the rest of the rain stations.

In this research, the Early Jurassic Datta Formation from three outcrop sections of the western Salt Range has been extensively studied to elucidate facies architecture, sedimentary features, diagenetic features, sequence stratigraphy, and depositional model. Datta Formation is well exposed with massive thickness in the western Salt Range and the Trans Indus Ranges, while tapering in the central Salt Range further eastward, it dies out. Its mainly dominated by variegated sandstone, siltstone, shale, fire clays, laterites, and carbonates. Seven lithofacies has been identified and interpreted in the Datta Formation, i.e., (i). Fluvial Meandering Lithofacies (JDL-01), (ii). Braided Fluvial Lithofacies (JDL-02), (iii). Lateritic Lithofacies (JDL-03), (iv). Flood Plain Lithofacies (JDL-04), (v). Siliciclastic Lagoon Lithofacies (JDL-05), (vi). Carbonates dominant Lagoon Lithofacies (JDL-06), (vii). Swamps related Deltaic Lithofacies (JDL-07). Sequence stratigraphic analysis is primarily based on recognizing sequence surfaces, finning-coarsening upward trends, and types of facies. Two transgressive-regressive cycles are identified in the south-eastern section (Kassan Nala and Kaowali sections), while four sequences are identified in the Nammal Gorge section. These sequences are started with the underlying sequence boundary of LST and ended with the sequence bounding surface after HST. Datta Formation is possibly deposited in fluvial to deltaic environments in the study area, revealing a prograding delta with a shoreline oriented in the SW-NE direction and the siliciclastic detritus fed the fluvial system running over the Indian cratonic basement in the direction of N-NW. The lower part of the formation is deposited in fluvial settings, probably in the incised valley. The point bar sequences result from meandering channel facies and show association with overlying flood plain/overbank facies. Moreover, the lagoonal facies mainly covered the upper part of the formation and displayed mixed lithologies of delta plain to delta front setting. However, the repetition of these lithofacies in the study area at several points indicates the recurrence of depositional phases. The carbonaceous shales and coal streaks are evident by the presence of swamp or marshy lands. These conditions meet the criteria of deltaic settings. Furthermore, several laterites and fire clay horizons are also argue periodic sub-aerial exposure of the depositional area. Thus it is concluded that the depositional area lies in a fluvial to deltaic setting with major distributary channels and their flood plain in the adjoining delta plain to delta front part.

The high resolution of radioactive measurements acquired by the spectrometric gamma-ray technique were applied in the research area and subjected to statistical analysis, in order to draw valid conclusion, regarding the nature and significance of the distribution of the radioelements, that it represents each input element individually. The qualitative interpretation showed seven anomalous parts in Roseita branch and four anomalous parts in Damietta branch. The quantitative interpretation used traditional statistical treatment the calculated arithmetic mean, standard deviation, range difference (between the minimum and maximum values), standard error, Coefficient of Variation (CV%) and 95% Confidence Interval for the Mean (lower bound and upper bound). Meanwhile, the advanced statistical treatment, such as test of homogeneity Levene’s Statistic, ANOVA test, K mean clustering and post Hoc of the multi comparison among the separated eleven groups. As well as they help to define their original source behaviors.

This study presents the analysis of soil compaction properties relationship over Gbaramatu subsurface of Niger Delta region. It is employed to determine the soil suitability for a wide range of Engineering needs, such as the development of foundations, roadways, and other facilities. The study aims to investigate the relationship between compaction properties on soil samples from Gbaramatu different locations. Ten (10) boreholes disturbed soil samples were collected for this investigation. Laboratory tests were conducted to obtain moisture contents, Particles Size Distribution, Specific Gravity and Consolidated Drained Shear results. Geotechnical analysis was equally conducted on the obtained laboratory parameters, to further obtain the Coefficient of curvature (Cc) and uniformity coefficient (Cu). Standardize statistical correlation tests were presented. Our findings indicate a positive relationship between the optimum moisture content and the coefficient of uniformity corresponding to higher optimum moisture concentrations. This discovery has far-reaching consequences for soil management and irrigation techniques. The results support the assumption that, the physical geology of the location is attributed to swamp reclamation and landfills. This research finally provides useful information about the engineering properties of Gbaramatu soils, and the correlation equations generated will be helpful in predicting values or modeling the correlated properties for soils within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Studies on precipitation Chemistry were carried out with the aim to understand the nature and sources of rainwater at Utaewa (Location 1), a coastal village and Ikpetim, near Ibom Power Station (Location 2), all in Ikot Abasi Local Government Area, southern, Nigeria. These locations respectively represent the coastal and industrial regions. The rainwater samples, collected at these locations, were analyzed for major cations, anions, electrical conductivity and pH with the aim of identification of variation in the physiochemical compositions of the rainwater samples. The analysis of the rainwater samples gave a pH at locations 1 and 2 as 5.62 ± 0.26 and 5.77± 0.25 respectively during the wet season, while the pH of the rainwater at locations 1 and 2 during dry season were 5.41 ± 0.14 and 5.84 ± 0.21 respectively. The pH values indicated acidic water and were below the World Health Organisation (WHO) Standard of 6.5 to 8.5, but close to the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) optimum pH value of 5.6 for rainwater from unpolluted continental areas. The predominance of 𝐶𝑙−and𝑁𝑎+ were observed in the coastal environment whereas, calcium, sulphate, nitrate and ammonium ions predominate in industrial environment where there are power generating plants, Aluminium smelting company and gas station. The total anion (37.9%) at Utaewa is less influenced by anthropogenic activities whereas total anion (72.5%) at Ikpetim, near Power Plant is influenced by pollutants emitted by anthropogenic activities. The ratio:𝐻+/(NO3- + SO42-) was observed as 0.04 and 0.008 for Utaewa and Ikpetim respectively, which are close to zero, indicating that 99 % of acidity in the rainwater is neutralized in the study area with no consequence of acidity impact on the soil, surface waters and groundwater in the study area. Ca2+ , K+ and Na+ play important roles in neutralization of acidic ions in rainwater. For source identification, correlation matrix analysis was established, which showed that at locations 1 and 2,strong correlation exists between the acidic ions SO42- and NO3-, indicating their origin from anthropogenic activities. This is viewed to be attributed to the similarity in their behaviour in precipitation and the co-emissions of their precursors, which are SO2 and NO2. The major ion enrichment factors (EF) followed the order at location 1 during the dry season;𝐶𝑎2+𝑁𝑎+⁄ (8.58) >𝐾+𝑁𝑎+⁄ (4.32) >𝑆𝑂42−𝑁𝑎+⁄ (0.68) >𝐶𝑙−𝑁𝑎+⁄ (0.11), while the enrichment factor (EF ) during the wet season at location 1 followed the order , 𝐶𝑎2+𝑁𝑎+⁄ (11.92 )>𝐾+𝑁𝑎+⁄ (3.78) >𝑆𝑂42−𝑁𝑎+⁄ (0.88) >𝐶𝑙−𝑁𝑎+⁄ (0.11).

The impact of storage vessels on stored water quality changes and how it can influence plant growth, and human health through irrigation and domestic uses has been evaluated. The water was collected from the same borehole source at Ebonyi State University and stored in vessels made of plastic, metal, calabash, and clay pot. The samples were tested in the laboratory to ascertain the physiochemical quality of the water. The following ions Cd, Pb, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Cl- were identified in each of the storage vessels which vary from the values of the controlled sample and were below their respective WHO permissible limits, except Cd which is significantly higher than WHO limit (>0.0003mg/l). The variation in qualities (odour, taste, colour, and metal concentration) of stored samples implies a significant influence of storage vessels on water quality. The pH range changed to slight alkali and hardness ranges from 160 to 330 mg/l after storage. The non-uniformity of each of the tested parameters among the samples indicated that each vessel had a different degree of impact on water quality during storage. The irrigation parameter and domestic use assessment showed some level of the potential risk to crops and humans mostly indicated by the MAR of calabash and Cd concentration respectively. The significant decrease in Cl- after storage suggests Cl decay, this enhances quality deterioration as microbial growth can be accelerated. The research conclusively noted that water quality deterioration is not an isotropic result of storage vessel influence but an integral impact of storage culture and geogenic factors’ influence on the water before and during storage and varying environmental constraints.

Reduction to the pole (RTP) is a magnetic anomaly data processing filter to remove the influence of the magnetic inclination angle. This filter is needed because of the magnetic dipole nature which complicates the interpretation process. The research aims to explore andesite rocks through the application of RTP to the local magnetic anomalies data in Kutasari District, Purbalingga Regency, Indonesia. The research procedures include data acquisition, processing, modeling, and interpretation. The 2D-modeling results on the local magnetic anomalies data have produced three layers of rock. Layer with a susceptibility value of 0.00291 cgs is interpreted as vesicular andesitic rocks, layer with a susceptibility value of 0.02307 cgs is interpreted as massive andesitic rocks, meanwhile layer with a susceptibility value of 0.00721 cgs is interpreted as undifferentiated volcanic rocks. The results showed that the west to northwest part of the study area is the most prospective area containing andesite rocks.

Structural interpretation and characterization of Assa-field in Northern Niger Delta was done to map the primary structures responsible for hydrocarbon entrapment and closures that are favorable for the accumulation of hydrocarbon as well as to indicate areas for hydrocarbon exploration in the field. The method used for this research involved delineation of lithology, identification of reservoir, interpretation of horizon and fault to generate structural maps of the subsurface. Depth and time structure maps were generated to show more detailed structure of the field. Three major horizons (sand 1, sand 2, and sand 3) were mapped based on uniqueness and clarity of their features. Major faults were delineated from the 3-D seismic section. The appearance of these faults in the field is a sign of possible hydrocarbon accumulation. The knowledge from the results of this study can be applied in exploration and production to identify hydrocarbon trapping potential of a field and volumetric evaluation of fluid in a field.

3D Lithology and reservoir fluid studies based on conventional interpretation approach, such as low Vp/Vs values indicating gas presence have been used to discriminate hydrocarbon fluids. This work was provoked by the emerging trends of noticeable uncertainties leading to drilling of dry wells in the study area. Confirming the physical indicators of hydrocarbon in the reservoirs through the employed method is worthwhile. Well log data of M oil field was investigated with the aim of identifying reservoir rocks through qualitative and quantitative interpretations of subsurface well log data of M oil field through rock properties cros-splots analysis in the select reservoir in the field (M-5000) and to derive elastic rock attributes such as Lame’s parameter terms (λρ and μρ), Vp/Vs, P-Impedance and S-Impedance from available petrophysical data. Rock attributes derived from well logs were combined to produce three major forms of crossplots, which described and characterized the reservoir in terms of fluid and lithology present. The combinations were: VP/VS versus IP, μρ against λρ and IP versus IS. These rock parameters were analyzed in cross-plots space and used to determine which of them constitutes better indicators of pore fluids and lithology. The M- oil field cross-plot analysis indicate the lowest values of VP/VS (2.05-2.40); IP (5600-6300 (m/s*(g/cc)), λρ (16-20 (GPa*g/cc)), and μρ (4-9.5 (GPa*g/cc)). However, the low values of VP/VS, IP, λρ, and μρ, perhaps IS corresponds to hydrocarbon (Gas) saturation within the M- oil field.