This study uses Geographical Information Systems (GIS) as a support tool for gold exploration to distinguish between true and false soil geochemical anomalies at the northern segment of the Asankragwa gold belt in the Paleoproterozoic Kumasi Basin, Ghana. The main objective of this study is to identify potentially mineralized zones within the northern segment of the Asankragwa gold belt by integrating GIS, structural and soil geochemical datasets. To reduce the probability of delineating false anomalies as true anomalies, diverse graphical threshold determination methods, namely histogram, box plot, QQ plot, mean+2SD, Jenks Natural Break and Probability plot, as well as advanced threshold determination methods like the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and double MAD were employed. The threshold values established from the graphical methods are 175 ppb, 96 ppb, 335ppb, 384 ppb and 100 ppb respectively. However, the MAD and double MAD methods produced threshold values of 74.5ppb and 130ppb respectively. Based on the high variability in the threshold values, anomalous areas were delineated using thresholds values of 100ppb and 130ppb respectively established from the Jenks Natural Break and Probability plot and double MAD method. About 40%, 35% and 20% of the selected anomalous areas are located within soils overlying volcanoclastic, clastic sedimentary and marine volcanoclastic rocks respectively. These anomalies are not lithologically controlled since they are not confined to a particular rock type. Superimposing the selected aanomalies over geological structures and Landsat imagery, 90% of the anomalies can be linked to the NE-SW geological structures. Upon integrating the anomalies with structural data and illegal mining activities and using the Booleon analysis, not all anomalies may be true anomalies. True gold anomalies within the Asankragwa gold belt are consistent with the central> northern> southern portions. Hence, the discovery of gold in the Asankragwa gold belt has been enhanced using GIS as a spatial support tool.

Hydrocarbon reservoir characterization using well log in part of Niger Delta, Nigeria was done in order to examine the potentiality and productivity of the reservoir. A suite of well log data consisting of gamma ray, density, resistivity and neutron logs obtained from two wells within the area of study were used for this research. Gamma ray log was used for lithology identification and differentiation, resistivity log was used to identify the type of fluid present in the reservoir, density log was used to detect gas bearing zones in the reservoir while neutron log was used to distinguish gas from oil in sandstone and shale reservoirs. The results of this study showed sand bodies were delineated and correlated across the wells and were inferred as potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. The result also showed that there is an increase in both porosity and permeability, evaluated petrophysical parameters showed that porosity values range between 0.0391 – 0.3019, water saturation values range from 0.1660 – 1.6740 while hydrocarbon saturation values range from 0.0013 – 0.7296 and net to gross values range from 0.5332 – 0.9674.

One hundred and seven calcareous benthic foraminiferal species belong to thirty-five genera from seventeen countries in the Southern Tethys (Chile, Argentina, Tanzania, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia (SA), Yemen, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Iraq, Iran, Pakistan) have been studied. The modern taxonomical consideration of the recorded species is used, which were previously noted in the literatures, while two of them are believed here as new: Quinqueloculina tanzanica and Neoflabellina iraqensis. Fifty-seven species of them are recorded from Egypt (~51%), 19 from Pakistan (~17.5%), 15 from UAE (~13.4%), Jordan and Argentina (~0.8%), Chile (~0.3%), Tanzania, SA and Yemen (~0.2%), the others counties one species. Most of the Southern Tethyan recorded species are endemic to their original description, while some of them are also recorded in some Northern Tethyan countries (i. e. France, Poland). Most of the Southern Tethyan assemblage indicates an open marine environment, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100 m ~ 200 m depth), and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna (MTF), while the littoral zones of the Middle East represent shallow neritic environment.

This study describes and illustrates the seventy three agglutinated benthic foraminiferal species of the Suborder Textulariina across the Bartonian-Priabonian belonging to thirty seven genera from twenty one countries in the Norther Tethys (USA, England, France, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Hungaria, Slovenia, Romania, Czech, Italy) and Southern Tethys (Angola, Tanzania, Tunisia, Egypt, Iraq, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Pakistan, Japan, New Zealand) have been studied. The modern taxonomical consideration of the species is used. The recorded species were previously noted in different literatures, while eight of them are believed here as new: Bathysiphon usamai, Asanospira franciana, Paratrochamminoides spainica, Verneuilina hungariana, Martinottiella cimermani, Textularia karimae, Cylindroclavulina spainica and Tritaxilina ozsvárti. The foraminiferal assemblage indicates an open marine environment, which represents outer shelf-lower bathyal depths of deposition. The current activity not only transported allochthonous taxa, but also brought in refractory organic matter to the seafloor, which were in turn affected by sedimentary and, ultimately, by climatic factors. Most of the recorded species are distributed not only in neighboring localities, but also far from it.

This study investigates the basement rocks in Ekiti State for the purpose of geophysical classification so as to delineate prospective area of mineralization within the State. Aeromagnetic data and satellite imagery covering the entire state were analysed using appropriate software. Reduction to equator geophysical transformation was first carried out on the residual magnetic intensity data before the application of Fast Fourier Transform filters to generate some derivative maps such as the analytic signal and tilt derivative maps which amplified lineament and enhanced both weak and strong magnetic anomalies. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data were processed to produce lineament density map, which was analysed for various linear and curvilinear features. The study area was classified into magnetic-high anomalous zone (HMA), magnetic-intermediate anomalous zone (IMA) and magnetic-low anomalous zone (LMA) based on the analytical signal analysis. Analysis of the structures showed the dominance of northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast trends. Evaluation of Lineament density showed high value of 0.5203 km-2 around the centre and the western part of the study area, which are also HMA and IMA zones, an indication of concentration of more faults, joints and line of weaknesses which may serve as favourable tracts for mineralisation in the study area.

Statistical analysis using correlation method was carried out on radiometric data in some parts of South- eastern Nigeria. The objective was to assess the spatial relationships and potential correlations among various radioactive elements in the designated area. The study area spans latitudes 5°001′ N to 6°301′ N and longitudes 7°001′ E to 8°301′ E, covering approximately 27,225 km2. Utilising the superspectrometer RS 230, a comprehensive survey was conducted. Parameters including uranium, thorium, and potassium were measured. Radiometric data analysis and interpretation unveiled the mean concentrations of uranium (U), thorium (Th), and potassium (K) in the study area, registering at 3.02 ppm, 11.22 ppm, and 0.43%, respectively. These values align closely with the standard averages of 2.973 ppm, 11.084 ppm, and 1.342%, respectively. This examination sheds light on the distribution and levels of radionuclides within the surveyed region, contributing to a deeper understanding of its geological composition and potential implications. Statistical analysis revealed an R2 value of 0.730 between Uranium and Thorium. The value obtained is above 0.5 showing a good relationship between the two. This also indicates that their concentrations are dependent on each other in the study area. But R2 values obtained between Uranium and Potassium is 0.006 and between Potassium and Thorium is 0.004 which are both less than 0.5. This depicts a weak relationship between the concentrations of Uranium and Potassium, and between Potassium and Thorium. This in turn revealed that the concentrations of the both sets in the study area are independent of each other.

The aerial gravity data of Lafia and Akiri areas were interpreted quantitatively to map surface and deep earth structures responsible for the gravity anomalies within the study area. This entails using grids on which the anomalous values obtained at different stations are plotted and contours drawn at appropriate intervals using Oasis Montaj software. The Bouguer anomaly obtained from the study varies from -66.0 mGal to 28.4 mGal while the residual Bouguer anomaly is from -30.5 mGal to 27.7 mGal. The Bouguer gravity data was subjected to forward and inverse modeling analysis using PotentQ 3D software. The results obtained from the forward ,and inverse modeling of the airborne gravity data shows the density values as: 2.550, 2.630 and 0.074 g/cm3 for the modeled profiles 1 – 3 respectively, with respective depths of -2943, -1156 and 25 m. The highest depth of -2943 m obtained within the south-eastern part (Akiri) of the study area exhibits thick sediment able to hold more solid mineral than Lafia area with the lowest depth. This study serves as a guide to the mining industries to determine the area with high concentration of solid minerals for economic and sustainable development of the nation.

Water is one of the most essential natural resources. Contaminated water can cause many adverse impacts on human health and on the environment. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive geochemical water quality assessment using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and health risk for three distinct locations. For this purpose, 45 samples were collected from three different locations and analyzed with different geochemical parameters. The results show that the Magnesium level in most of the samples was below the permissible limits. All analyzed parameters of samples were then compared with the drinking water quality standards set by W.H.O. The results indicated that all the analyzed parameters are under permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan National Standards for Drinking Water Quality. Moreover, the results show that all 3 locations collected samples (45) exhibited excellent water quality. This study highlights the importance of water quality assessment and the applicability of the Water Quality Index in evaluating water resources. The information provided can aid local people to protect themselves from polluted water

Uphole refraction survey of the velocity regimes in South-Eastern part of Niger Delta, Nigeria was carried out using a 12-channel seismograph: Mc SEIS 160M Model 1115. The study presents a regional weathering structure of the area, the velocities and depths of the weathered layers were calculated from the travel time of the seismic waves. The data were interpreted using the time – intercept method which revealed that the low velocity layer was fairly variable in thickness in the region, varying between 24.5m and 25.8m, with a regional average value of 25.12m. The weathered and consolidated layers have average Compressional wave velocities of 944.0m/s and 1907.69m/s respectively. The knowledge from the result of this study can be applied in oiland ground water exploration plans.

Uphole refraction survey of the velocity regimes in South-Eastern part of Niger Delta, Nigeria was carried out
using a 12-channel seismograph: Mc SEIS 160M Model 1115. The study presents a regional weathering structure of the area, the velocities and depths of the weathered layers were calculated from the travel time of the seismic waves. The data were interpreted using the time – intercept method which revealed that the low velocity layer was fairly variable in thickness in the region, varying between 24.5m and 25.8m, with a regional average value of 25.12m. The weathered and consolidated layers have average Compressional wave velocities
of 944.0m/s and 1907.69m/s respectively. The knowledge from the result of this study can be applied in oil and ground water exploration plans.