The Neogene sediments were interpreted to understand the clay mineral paragenesis in rocks using x-ray differaction technique. The process was conducted with an x-ray diffractometer, Anode = Cu (Cu Kᾳ = 1.541871 A? ), Filter = Ni, Current = 15 mA and Voltage = 35 kv. The clay mineral assemblages in the rocks indicates that the neogene sediments were derived from the preexisting sedimentary, metasedimentary, metamorphics and igneous rocks and formed in different climes in the continental environment. The illite crystallinity (IC) value (0.2165 Δ°2θ CuKα) in the area correspond exactly with the epizonal metamorphic conditions.

Rocks exposed in the study area are Kuldana Formation which is comprised of variegated color shale and sandstone. The model data of Kuldana sandstone exhibit average quartz 35%, feldspars 3%, rock fragments 20% and heavy minerals. The quartz grains are of igneous and metamorphic origin. Mineral quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments in the sandstone suggested an acidic plutonic and metamorphic provenance. Rock fragments are of sedimentary, volcanic and metamorphic rocks. The sedimentary grains include limestone, dolomite, quartzite, sandstone and siltstone. The volcanic rock fragments are of fine grained basalts. The metamorphic rock fragments are of slates and schists.
Heavy minerals include tourmaline, zircon, garnet, epidote, sphene and apatite. Hematite and calcite are the dominating cementing material with minor chlorite. The sandstone is classified as graywacke. The low modal proportion of quartz and high content of rock fragments indicates low degree of mineralogical maturity of the sandstone. The poor degree of sorting, angular to sub-angular framework constituents and abundance of matrix suggested that sandstone is texturally immature. The sutured quartz grains contacts, alteration of plagioclase to clay minerals and deformed muscovite indicate diagenetic changes in the sandstone at depth under pressure. The XRD analysis of shale show minerals chlorite thuringite, orthoclase, corrensite mica, illite, albite, smectite, saponite, montmorillonite, goethite, kaolinite, vermiculite, aragonite, calcite, quartz, siderite, muscovite, hematite, pyrite and dolomite. Recalculated value of quartz, clay and carbonates on ternary diagram shows that the clays are argillaceous. Quartz, orthoclase, albite and muscovite in the shale suggest acidic plutonic and metamorphic provenance.

The project area lies along the western limb of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. The Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis is an antiformal structure. The project area includes Dadyal, Bihari, Ratta, Sammorthala, Samlotha, Dhingar, Panwar and Karara Saiyidan. The Late Miocene to Recent Himalayan Neogene rocks are exposed in the core of the syntaxis. These Neogene rocks include the Kamlial Formation, Chinji Formation, Nagri Formation, Dhok Pathan Formation, Soan Formation and Recent alluvium. The major folds in the project area include the Mirpur syncline, Pheran Dinpur anticline and Sadaqabad Syncline. The folds are northwest-southeast trending and southwest or northeast vergent, asymmetric and open. The only fault in the project area is Ratta Fault. The Ratta Fault is a reverse fault. The northwest southeast trending folds and faults are the result of northeast southwest Himalayan compression in the area.

A research work was embarked in the area in order to understand the sedimentary geology, remote sensing, geomorphology and petrology of the district Sudhunhoti and Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. For this purpose the Khirik, Muttail Maira, Thandi Kassi, Kothian, Hill, Maidan, Rhera, Dar, Sairhan, Afsar Market, Gorah, Nakkar bazaar, Gui Nala, Bandia, Mang, Jassa Pir and Thorar areas were mapped and interpreted on Digital Elevtion Model (DEM) in the sub-Himalayas of Pakistan. The area has been mutilated by folding and faulting governed by orogenic forces. The clastic rocks exposed in the area are sandstone, siltstone, claystone and conglomerates. The sedimentary structures include planner bedding, ripple marks and pebble imbrications. The rip ups of siltstone and clay occur at the base of sandstone. The sandstone of Nagri Formation is well exposed in the area. The sandstone contains clasts of volcanics, quartzites, schist and chert. The sandstone of Dhok Pathan Formation is medium to coarse grained. It contains clasts of gneiss, schists, quartzites, granite, carbonate and marble. The sandstone is comprised of mineral quartz (23% to 45%), feldspar (3% to 13%) and the rock fragments of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The accessory minerals in the Nagri Formation sandstone are biotite (1% to 3%), muscovite (up to 2%), tourmaline (few traces) and zircon (1%). The cementing material in the rock is calcite (6% to 18%) and silica (2% to 3%). The modal mineralogical data of the sandstone shows that the sandstone is lithic arenite and lithic graywacke. The modal data reveal that the detritus was derived from the rising Himalayas in north of the area. The sedimentary structure and the conglomeration is the prima facie for the fluviatile origin of rocks.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of sewage pollution on the fish assemblages found in the Klang River. Samples were collected between July 2012 and April 2013 with a total of 102 specimens belonging to 5 freshwater fish species, Puntius hexazona, Betta livida, Neohomaloptera johorensis, Parosphromenus harveyi and the dominant species, Rasbora sumatrana, with the highest dominance value (Di%=36.66). Multiregression revealed a statistically insignificant relationship among the physical, chemical and biochemical parameters of water and sediment and Puntius hexazona, Betta livida, Neohomaloptera johorensis and Parosphromenus harveyi. Based on multiple regression tests, a significant relationship with R2 = 92.2% and F= 7.876 (p= 0.000) was found between six water and sediment quality constituents and the numbers of Rasbora sumatrana this species at the stations studied at Site 8. On the other hand, water temperature (β= -0.114; t= -2.811 (p= 0.016)); sediment organic matter (β= -0.011; t= -2.406 (p= 0.033)) and water phosphorus (PO4) (β= 0.323; t= 3.444 (p= 0.005)) were found to be the most important water and sediment parameters effecting Rasbora sumatrana.