Porosity indicates the potentiality or fluid storage capacity of a reservoir or rock. It is the first of the two essential attributes of a reservoir. Permeability is a parameter for the recovery of hydrocarbon from the reservoir, it is required for proper reservoir evaluation, as it aids in the estimation of how much fluid can produced from the reservoir. The aim of this study is to determine porosity-permeability correlation with pressure and depth in part of Niger Delta basin using well log data. A suite of geophysical well logs comprising of gamma ray, neutron, density, spontaneous potential and sonic logs from four oil wells were used in the study. Porosity values were estimated from well log data, while permeability and pressure values were determined using empirical relations with respect to specific depth in the wells. The results of this work show that three reservoirs (reservoir sands) were identified and correlated across the four wells, each reservoir sand unit spread across the wells and differs in thickness ranging from 8ft to 155ft, with some unit occurring at greater depth than their corresponding unit.The lithostratigraphic correlation section of the wells revealed a sand – shale sequence which is a characteristic of a typical Niger Delta formation. The average porosity, permeability, pressure and depth values for the four wells range from 0.001 to 0.309, 34.999mD to 306.360mD, 61926.863psi to 109928.054psi and 3000ft to 4450ft respectively. The analysis of the wells show that wells OTIG9 and OTIG11 have better reservoirs indicating high potentiality and productivity due to their more porous and permeable nature, reflecting well sorted coarse grained sandstone and linearity in the relationship between porosity, permeability, pressure and depth. The reservoir of well OTIG7 is the least porous but most permeable, thus is highly productive but less potential. The reservoir of OTIG2 has moderate potentiality and good productivity, hence is said to have average production capacity. The results of this work can be used as an evaluation tool for reservoir engineering activities, structural engineering, well stability analysis, blowout and lost circulation prevention.

In the present work, we deal with the petrographic and provenance of the sandstone of the Rawalpindi group in the lesser Himalayas. The formations present in the project area are Murree and Kamlial Formations of the Rawalpindi group. The petrological studies of Murree and Kamlial Formations determine the minerals composition prospect, which minerals have high proportion and which one is less proportion. Which aim to determine the petrological characteristic of these rock formations for the use of scientific studies or in engineering projects. Both of these two formations are Siwalik molasse deposits, the same orogeny correlation, same age from the same group. Determine the difference in such kind of similar rock formations are very important and also challenge in the field of geology. With highly advance petrographically analysis, it shows that Kamlial formation consists of heavy minerals such as garnet, tourmaline, etc., as compared with Murree formation consists of light minerals such as quartzite, Felice and feldspar, etc. And the provenance analysis of the sandstone of the Rawalpindi group is performed by the QFL ternary diagrams method. All the plots in the QFL diagram plot on recycled orogeny provenance field.

Morphometric analysis is the best method to understand and determine the shape, size, and dimension of a watershed. Conducting this analysis required a wide variety of quantitative measurements and mathematical analysis presenting valuable data related to hydrological characteristics of the watershed. Using GIS technique and Digital Elevation Models (SRTM-DEM) images were extremely facilitated the method and precisely boosted the results. Morphometric parameters were utilized of the Abbasan watershed determining hydrological properties and runoff assessment. The watershed area, of Abbasan covers (878.34) km2, the calculations of dimension, shape, and compactness coefficient are done which indicated elongated shape, low runoff intensity and low erosion rates. Most of the morphometric parameters were computed and analyzed such as relief properties, stream network, and drainage pattern characteristics which is referring to (2555) m elevation, low-moderate relief, six stream orders, and three types of drainage patterns respectively. Rectangular drainage patterns occupied a large area followed by Dendritic and Trellis patterns in terms of area. This study has given a comprehensive insight into the whole morphometric aspects of the Abbasan watershed.

Well logs data from four wells were analysed for determining the petrophysical and geomechanical properties of two reservoirs in the study area. The parameters derived from these properties were used to predict the likelihood of the occurrence of sanding in the reservoirs of interest. Five sand production methods were used in predicting sanding in the reservoirs of interest. The results obtained from these sand prediction methods all showed that the reservoirs were not likely to produce sanding during drilling exploration and production. Reservoir geomechanical study has a significant role that cannot be neglected in the development of various hydrocarbon exploitation procedures, such as in the exploration and production, drilling and field development phase. The role of geomechanical properties have great impact on the drill bit selection, optimization of well trajectory placement, casing design, wellbore stability analysis, safe mud weight window (SMWW) prediction and sand production. Sand production is a serious problem widely existing in oil/gas production. The problems resulting from sand influx include abrasion of downhole tubular/casing, subsurface safety valve and surface equipment, casing/tubing buckling, failure of casing or liners from removal of surrounding formation, compaction and erosion; and loss of production caused by sand bridging in tubing and/or flow lines.

This work seeks to assess the acid mine drainage (AMD) potential of stockpiled sulphidic gold bearing ore that was left untreated for a period of four (4) years. The mineralogical composition of the stockpiled sulphidic gold ore was determined using X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Reflected Light Microscope. The AMD potential and kinetic studies on the ore sample were determined using Acid Base Accounting (ABA) and Humidity Cell (ASTMD 5744). The XRD and microscope analyses showed that the gold ore contain arsenopyrite and pyrite as the major sulphide minerals. The ABA confirmed that the gold sulphide ore could be a potential source of AMD with respect to AMD marginal of safety if the ore is left untreated for a very long period. Humidity Cell kinetic analysis showed a possibility of mobilizing Arsenic (As) into the geo-environment when there is a long period of oxidation of abandoned sulphide run-of-mine (ROM) ore.

A project was undertaken to create an inventory and generate relevant baseline information on household ponds in the Halda river watershed. This research is mostly belongs to Mapping and GIS analysis. At first all ponds are divided into two groups, large ponds (above 1000 m2 area) and small ponds (below 1000 m2 area). Then some important geometric and geographic parameters of large ponds are calculated. They are area, elevation and elevation wise distribution, neighbourhood distances, length, width, aspect ratio. Descriptive statistics are generated on these parameters and their mean, median, mode, sum, standard deviation, count, minimum, maximum etc. were calculated. Some informative charts are included in the result showing the findings. To calculate the area and total number of small ponds, intentional sampling is used. The average area of large ponds is about 2670 m2. The average elevation of these ponds is found 11.75 m. The mean neighbouring distance among these ponds is about 237 m and these ponds are rectangular shape in average because their average aspect ratio is 1.46 where aspect ratio 1.00 means the perfect square shape. The total area occupied by all ponds (both large and small) is estimated as 44.2 km2 and it is 2.63% of whole watershed area and 7.38 % of the valley area (here <20 m elevation and relatively plain). The total number of pond is estimated 43745 (large pond 6730 and small pond 37015) and almost all of them are in the valley area of Halda river watershed.

Lithofacies, bounding surfaces and sedimentary architectural elements exposed in two ridges at Uturu being quarried for construction sands were analysed to determine the paleoenvironment of deposition and the factors that control the deposition of sand units. Mainly outcropped is Ajali Formation overlying locally exposed Mamu Formation in Western Afikpo basin. Lithofacies identified include: Trough cross bedded medium- to coarse-grained (St), Planar cross bedded fine- to coarse-grained sandstone (Sp), Small scale planar cross bedded sandstone (SSp), Lenticular mudstone (Fm), Heterolithic sandstone/mudstone (Fsm), Horizontal stratified sandstone (Sh), Cross ripple laminated sandstone (Sr), Reddish muddy sand (Fl), Siltstone (SSm) and Shale (Fsh). The associations of lithofacies and bounding surfaces gave four fluvial and one marine architectural element. The fluvial elements which mainly characterized the Ajali Formation include: Channel-fill (CH), Macroforms Accretion (MA). Flood-Plain Fines (FF) and Channel Abandonment Fines (CAF). Offshore-shoreface fines (OSF) element defined marine Mamu Formation. The profiles of the ridges show dominance of MA followed by CH while FF is limited in occurrence and in some zones pinch-out to lenticular inter-bar mudstone. The MA is characterized by planar cross beddings, reactivation surfaces, internal grading, steep dipping ferruginized accretion surfaces and abrupt flat top which indicate mid-channel bars deposition in typical sandy braided fluvial depositional system. Generally, there is vertical aggradation/ amalgamation of channel deposits and dominance of sheet alluvial architecture. Low rate of channel avulsion, moderate rate of lateral migration and aggradation, variable discharge rate and high rate of sediment supply and subsidence were considered as factors that controlled the deposition and preservations of sand units. This study provided an understanding of mesoscopic heterogeneities and compartmentalization style inherent in hydrocarbon bearing sandy braided reservoirs which can be used as analog model for its development.

Barishal has recently gone through intense land use and land cover changes (LULC). This study aims to assess the changes of land use of Barishal, which were surveyed from 2000 to 2020 by utilizing Landsat TM, ETM + & OLI-TIRS imageries. The ArcGIS-10.4 & the ERDAS-14 Imagine software were used to deal with satellite images and surveyed measurable data for land cover change evaluation of the study area. Both pre- and post-classification change detection scenarios and NDVI analysis were observed to assess the change result from 2000 to 2020. Maximum likelihood classification was utilized to create unsupervised land cover category (water body, urban, fallow, agriculture, vegetation and lowland). After ensuring acceptable value for each classified image (82.16% for 2020, 76.15% for 2010 & 70.96% for 2000 with Kappa values of 0.64, 0.62 & 0.62 for 2020, 2010 and 2000), a change detection study was performed. This study discovered that the highest growth 69.22% of urban area has been improved within 20 years followed by 49.75% and 21.74% of water bodies, fallow lands; whereas the annual change rate was 14.95%, 7.91% and 10.31% respectively. In contrast, 16.28%, 10.48% and 37.20% of vegetation, agriculture and lowland had been reduced and an (-) annual change rate of 16.03%, 7.15% and 9.99% respectively. In addition, NDVI analysis was also observed a decreasing trend of the vegetation and agricultural lands. The results of this assessment could be supportive to design and appliance significant managing appraisals to protect the agricultural degradation, fruitless urbanization of Barishal district.

The aim of the present work is to estimate the accumulation of various elements related to the core sediment belong to the Krishna-Godavari marginal area with a nuclear analytical technique. Hence, a 4.12 m long marine sediment gravity core was collected from near to Nizampatnam Bay that related to Bay of Bengal and by using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) elemental concentrations have been determined. The concentrations of major elements like Fe, Ca, K, Ti, Mn and minor (trace) elements such as Sr, Co, V, Zn, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sc and Cr have been evaluated with the obtained PIXE spectra. These values are interpreted based on the monsoonal runoff coming from the rivers causing to play an important role for bring lot of sedimentary material of the coastal waters to the Bay of Bengal. Further results are interpreted to understand biological and anthropogenic activities, chemical reactions etc during Holocene and Pleistocene periods.

The current study area is a northeastern part of Karachi arc and located in Lakhi Range and also the Southeastern part of Karachi arc which is Thar Desert. Present study is focused on Bara Formation with specifically source rock study, as it could be understand that from where these detritus were being supplied, either from Indian craton or Asian plate in Middle Paleocene time. These sediments are composed of Sandstone, Shale, Coal, and Siltstone with some traces of fossils. Ninety five samples of Middle Paleocene sediments from three localities (Ranikot, Lakhra and Thar) with five stratigraphic sections have investigated for geochemical elements identification. The studied sediments have been classified as Litharenite, Sublitharenite, arkose, Sub-arkose greywacke, Iron sand, Iron shale. PIA and CIA of studied section of basin had been facing low/low to high weathering conditions in source area. The majority of samples indicate the passive margin tectonic settings. Middle Paleocene sediments of Southern Indus Basin is concluded here as the sediments had been supplied from Indian shield rocks and it can be summarized that the Indian plate was not collided with Asia plate in Middle Paleocene time (61.6-59.2 million years age) at Southern Indus Basin of Pakistan.