Water is one of the most essential natural resources. Contaminated water can cause many adverse impacts on human health and on the environment. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive geochemical water quality assessment using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and health risk for three distinct locations. For this purpose, 45 samples were collected from three different locations and analyzed with different geochemical parameters. The results show that the Magnesium level in most of the samples was below the permissible limits. All analyzed parameters of samples were then compared with the drinking water quality standards set by W.H.O. The results indicated that all the analyzed parameters are under permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan National Standards for Drinking Water Quality. Moreover, the results show that all 3 locations collected samples (45) exhibited excellent water quality. This study highlights the importance of water quality assessment and the applicability of the Water Quality Index in evaluating water resources. The information provided can aid local people to protect themselves from polluted water

Two hundreds calcareous benthic foraminiferal species of the Suborder Rotaliina belong to sixty genera from twenty countries in the Southern Tethys (Chile, Argentina, Angola, Nigeria, Tanzania, Mali, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia (SA), Yemen, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Iraq, Iran and Pakistan) have been studied. The modern taxonomical consideration of the species is used. The recorded species were previously noted in the literatures, while two of them are believed here as new: Stainforthia abdelkarimi and Siphonodosaria misrensis. Forty species of them are recorded from Egypt (about 41%), twenty seven from Pakistan (~ 28%), ten from UAE (~ 10.5%), six from Qatar (~ 6%), four from each of Algeria and Iran (~ 4%), three from three from Jordan (~ 3%), two from each of Palestine and Iran (~ 2%), and only one from each of Iraq and India (~ 1%). Most of the Southern Tethyan recorded species are endemic to their original description, while five of them are also recorded in some other Southern Tethys, and also Northern Tethyan countries (Atlantic Ocean, France, Spain, Slovenia, Austria, Turkey, Turkmenia and Kazakhstan).

Eighteen Cibicidoides Rotaliid benthic foraminiferal species were erected from three localities in the Southern Tethys Chile, Egypt and Pakistan. An American diagnostic west hemisphere species C. vulgaris is added to the assemblage, which was later is also recorded from another localities in the eastern hemisphere in the Southern Tethys: Egypt and Iran . One of the identified species is believed here to be new: C. chilensis. Environmental conditions of the identified species of the genus Cibicidoides represent middle-outer neritic environment (100-200 m) and show an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna “MTF”.

Riverbank migration is a common phenomenon in the floodplains of Bangladesh. The continuous changes in river morphology affect its surrounding land-use patterns which pose threats to the life and property of people living near the rivers. The present study utilized thirty-one (1989-2020) years of satellite data to track the erosion-accretion and its influence on land-use and land-cover (LULC) change of Hizla Upazila using GIS-based Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Google Earth Engine (GEE) respectively. Statistical analysis revealed the average erosion rate (5.03 km2) is lower than accretion (5.72 km2), resulting in a net land gain of 24.93 Km2. The spatial distribution of erosional activity suggests that the central and western parts of Hizla Upazila are mostly affected, compared to the eastern part, where new deltas are forming. This phenomenon is attributed to the westward movement of the Lower Meghna River (LMR), making the central and western parts of Hizla more vulnerable. The pattern of land-use change manifests that nearby settlements and vegetation are primarily at risk due to channel migration. A significant decrease in total water area (2.1%) and an increase in bare land area (5.1%) between 1997-2010 indicates substantial deposition. Concurrently, there was a decrease in the total settlement (1.53 km2) and vegetation area (9.8 Km2), indicating natural hazards like floods and high-intensity rainfall. The overall kappa accuracy for LULC is over 85% demonstrating its suitability for forecasting. The outcomes of this study will aid the local community, policymakers, and researchers in mitigating risk and ensuring sustainability.

This study uses the Frequency analysis of the maximum daily and annual rainfall recorded during the period 1976-2020 at eight rain-measuring stations in the Ha’il region: Jubbah (106H-196), Baqa’a (103H-193), Simirah (105H-793), Uqlah Ibn Jibrin (208H-508) and Faydat Ibn Suwaylim (108H-198), Al Ha’it (111H-797), Al Ghazalah (215H-812) and Ha’il (101H-191), currently supervised by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture (MEWA). These stations were selected due to their locations in the Hail region, which is in great urban development causing an increase in demand for water resources to meet the growing population in urban centers. This paper compares four probability distributions (Normal, Log Normal, Gumbel and Exponential) using the rainfall data recorded in eight rain stations located in Ha’il area. Sets of data cover a period of about 45 years. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the maximum daily and annual rainfall by applying 4-four probability distributions, which are the Normal, the Log-Normal, the Exponential, and the Extreme Values-type 1, using the (Chow) model estimation. Results showed that Gumbel (EV 1) distribution has the least critical values in the tests. Hence, it is considered the best fit distribution for annual rainfall in Simirah and Baq’a. Furthermore, based on the results, it is evident that the exponential distribution is the best in Al Ha’it, Faydat Ibn Suwaylim, Al Ghazalah, Ha’il, and Jubbah. Whilst, the log normal distribution is the best in Al Uqlat. The results also showed that Gumbel (EV 1) distribution has the least critical values in the tests. Thus, it is regarded as the best-fit distribution for the maximum daily rainfall in Simirah and Ha’il, and the normal distribution is considered the best for the rest of the rain stations.

In this research, the Early Jurassic Datta Formation from three outcrop sections of the western Salt Range has been extensively studied to elucidate facies architecture, sedimentary features, diagenetic features, sequence stratigraphy, and depositional model. Datta Formation is well exposed with massive thickness in the western Salt Range and the Trans Indus Ranges, while tapering in the central Salt Range further eastward, it dies out. Its mainly dominated by variegated sandstone, siltstone, shale, fire clays, laterites, and carbonates. Seven lithofacies has been identified and interpreted in the Datta Formation, i.e., (i). Fluvial Meandering Lithofacies (JDL-01), (ii). Braided Fluvial Lithofacies (JDL-02), (iii). Lateritic Lithofacies (JDL-03), (iv). Flood Plain Lithofacies (JDL-04), (v). Siliciclastic Lagoon Lithofacies (JDL-05), (vi). Carbonates dominant Lagoon Lithofacies (JDL-06), (vii). Swamps related Deltaic Lithofacies (JDL-07). Sequence stratigraphic analysis is primarily based on recognizing sequence surfaces, finning-coarsening upward trends, and types of facies. Two transgressive-regressive cycles are identified in the south-eastern section (Kassan Nala and Kaowali sections), while four sequences are identified in the Nammal Gorge section. These sequences are started with the underlying sequence boundary of LST and ended with the sequence bounding surface after HST. Datta Formation is possibly deposited in fluvial to deltaic environments in the study area, revealing a prograding delta with a shoreline oriented in the SW-NE direction and the siliciclastic detritus fed the fluvial system running over the Indian cratonic basement in the direction of N-NW. The lower part of the formation is deposited in fluvial settings, probably in the incised valley. The point bar sequences result from meandering channel facies and show association with overlying flood plain/overbank facies. Moreover, the lagoonal facies mainly covered the upper part of the formation and displayed mixed lithologies of delta plain to delta front setting. However, the repetition of these lithofacies in the study area at several points indicates the recurrence of depositional phases. The carbonaceous shales and coal streaks are evident by the presence of swamp or marshy lands. These conditions meet the criteria of deltaic settings. Furthermore, several laterites and fire clay horizons are also argue periodic sub-aerial exposure of the depositional area. Thus it is concluded that the depositional area lies in a fluvial to deltaic setting with major distributary channels and their flood plain in the adjoining delta plain to delta front part.

Reduction to the pole (RTP) is a magnetic anomaly data processing filter to remove the influence of the magnetic inclination angle. This filter is needed because of the magnetic dipole nature which complicates the interpretation process. The research aims to explore andesite rocks through the application of RTP to the local magnetic anomalies data in Kutasari District, Purbalingga Regency, Indonesia. The research procedures include data acquisition, processing, modeling, and interpretation. The 2D-modeling results on the local magnetic anomalies data have produced three layers of rock. Layer with a susceptibility value of 0.00291 cgs is interpreted as vesicular andesitic rocks, layer with a susceptibility value of 0.02307 cgs is interpreted as massive andesitic rocks, meanwhile layer with a susceptibility value of 0.00721 cgs is interpreted as undifferentiated volcanic rocks. The results showed that the west to northwest part of the study area is the most prospective area containing andesite rocks.

3D Lithology and reservoir fluid studies based on conventional interpretation approach, such as low Vp/Vs values indicating gas presence have been used to discriminate hydrocarbon fluids. This work was provoked by the emerging trends of noticeable uncertainties leading to drilling of dry wells in the study area. Confirming the physical indicators of hydrocarbon in the reservoirs through the employed method is worthwhile. Well log data of M oil field was investigated with the aim of identifying reservoir rocks through qualitative and quantitative interpretations of subsurface well log data of M oil field through rock properties cros-splots analysis in the select reservoir in the field (M-5000) and to derive elastic rock attributes such as Lame’s parameter terms (λρ and μρ), Vp/Vs, P-Impedance and S-Impedance from available petrophysical data. Rock attributes derived from well logs were combined to produce three major forms of crossplots, which described and characterized the reservoir in terms of fluid and lithology present. The combinations were: VP/VS versus IP, μρ against λρ and IP versus IS. These rock parameters were analyzed in cross-plots space and used to determine which of them constitutes better indicators of pore fluids and lithology. The M- oil field cross-plot analysis indicate the lowest values of VP/VS (2.05-2.40); IP (5600-6300 (m/s*(g/cc)), λρ (16-20 (GPa*g/cc)), and μρ (4-9.5 (GPa*g/cc)). However, the low values of VP/VS, IP, λρ, and μρ, perhaps IS corresponds to hydrocarbon (Gas) saturation within the M- oil field.

On sheet 134 of the aeromagnetic map of Nigeria is a prominent northeast (NE) trending negative anomaly that extends for >20 km. This work reinterprets the anomaly using oasis montage™ 7.0 software, by inverse geological modelling of magnetic profiles. The aim of this work is to identify the Chibok magnetic anomaly as a plate tectonic feature, and as part of the West African Rift System. Three profiles were modelled across the residual magnetic anomaly, which yielded a depth range of 1 to 2 km. The result furnished a subsurface picture of ‘horst and graben’ which are characteristic of rifts. The sedimentary infill of the interpreted rift is considered to be sands/or sandstone due to the low magnetic anomaly. Sandstone has very low magnetic susceptibility [30 x106 emu (S.I.)] compared to granite and basalt. Geological data showed NW, NE, N-S, and E-W structural trends on the granitic basement. These manifest as faults, shear zones, joints and foliations. Emplacement of the Tertiary basalt in the NW of the area of study area showed planes of crustal weakness in the Precambrian basement. A palinspatic map of the area identified the pre-Tertiary geology. The sediment infill of the interpreted rift may serve as very rich aquifer for groundwater abstraction for irrigation in this semi-arid zone. The evidence of the plate tectonic nature of the interpreted rift indicated its alignment with offshore transform faults like Chain and Charcot as well as the Cameroun Volcanic Line.

This study investigated the effect of channel planforms changes on potential river flooding in Kaduna state (River Kaduna as case study); with the aim to ascertain the effects of river channel planform on its potential flooding and put measures in place to advert the environmental menace. Topographic maps covering the entire course of the river and the characteristics of the river to be studied were obtained from the federal ministry of survey. The reliability of satellite images was verified by ground measurements using a 30m Surveyor’s tape on four bridges that cross River Kaduna. The measurements obtained were compared with correspondent measurements on the satellite image and found that the ground measurements and the measurements on both SPOT and Sentinel images were close. Three reaches (Meander 1, 2, 3; Straight reach 1, 2, 3 and Braided reach 1, 2, 3) were selected for this study. Variations measured along the river were changes in channel width, changes in sinuosity index, changes in braiding index channel lateral migration and changes in channel length from 1962 to 2017. The results showed a reduction in the channels width in all the reaches from average of 190m in 1962 to 74m in 2017; the sinuosity index was low in the duration considered (average of 1,15) while the braiding index value had a mean of 0.55. Channel migration also reduced from an average of 82m in 1962 to 53m in 2017 while the river reduced by 12% within this same period. The propensity of river flooding in the study area is high hence there is the need to carry out channel improvement, early warning system and desiltation of the river in order to eliminate the potential danger.